These high correlations suggest that these constructs are essentially identical. However, most of these factors were highly correlated to anxiety and depression factors. The third factor involved "restlessness", "psychomotor agitation", or "negative affectivity". Moreover, recent studies using confirmatory factor analyses have reported three-factor structures. Earlier studies, which used exploratory factor analyses, have demonstrated single-, two-, three-, and four- factor structures. However, previous studies have reported inconsistent factor structures. The reliability and validity of the HADS has been well established. ![]() The conciseness of the HADS allows a high degree of usability in both clinical and research settings. ![]() The HADS consists of 14 items the anxiety (HADS-A) and depression (HADS-D) subscales each include 7 items. To discern somatic symptoms of anxiety and depression from those caused by physical illness, the HADS taps only the affective and cognitive aspects of anxiety and depression. The HADS was developed to identify people with physical illness who present anxiety and depressive disorders. ![]() The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a self-report screening instrument for negative moods.
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